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Islam, Democracy and Human Rights in Contemporary Indonesia37agreement with the representatives of these sub-communities. They concurred to be unified into one new single community.This newly created single community adopted a new name,Medina. After carrying out a number of in-depth and thoroughstudies on the text of Medina Charter, experts can easilysystematize the Charter into 10 chapters and 47 articles,containing the essential principles on human rights.The essential theme of the Medina Charter is the recognitionof a pluralistic society, which rights and obligations of thepopulation are equal without questioning their origins andreligions. Each and every community has its own internalautonomy in conducting its state of affairs. For externalrelations, it should be conducted in the name of Medinarepresenting one single community under the leadership ofProphet Muhammad. Having elected Prophet Muhammad asthe leader of Medina community did not make him an autocrat,provided his leadership was guided by the words of Allah andfor every decision was adopted by consensus. Living in thispluralistic society like Medina, it needed to adopt legalsubsystem, meaning every Muslim should comply with shariahlaw, the Jews with their Torah law and customs should reignthe Pagans%u2019 conduct of life.Freedom of religion was guaranteed under the MedinaCharter. In the teaching of Islam, a person%u2019s faith or religioncannot be imposed, even though there is an obligation for a Muslim follower to spread the teaching of Islam to nonbelievers. Rights to property, individual rights of freedom, rightsof personal safety or communal security were guaranteed inthe Charter, including the rights to join in communal defenseagainst possible attack from outsiders. Participation in the